http://repository.au-ibar.org/handle/123456789/1666 Mon, 20 Apr 2026 13:49:04 GMT 2026-04-20T13:49:04Z http://repository.au-ibar.org/handle/123456789/328 Cross Sectional Cattle Disease Surveillance Bungoma District, Kenya..PDF African Union Inter-African Bureau for Animal Resources; AU-IBAR; Mukhwana J. Eusebius This study was undertaken to identify the major diseases affecting and limiting the health and productivity of indigenous zebu cattle in 3 divisions of Bungoma district, Kenya. The survey established the prevalence rate of these diseases over the 2 months period (of the exercise) and looked at the effect of age and sex of cattle on infection by different diseases and conditions. During the survey, 1040 indigenous zebu cattle from 13 sub-locations had their samples (faeces, blood, lymph node smears and ticks, Amhyllyoma SPP) collected and analyzed both in the field and in the laboratory for trypanosomiasis, worms, babesiosis, anaplasmosis, east coast fever and cowdriosis. Biconical traps were also used (3-6 per sublocation) to trap tsetse flies which were later identified. Faecal samples were subjected to the McMaster egg counting technique and worm egg counts per gram of faeces determined. Blood was collected from the ear vein of target animals into heparinized capillary tubes for determination of the packed cell volume (PCV) which was used as an indicator of the anemia status for each animal. Examination of the buffy coat and thin as well as thick blood smears was used to study the presence of trypanosomiasis. Thin blood smears were also used to detect babesiosis and anaplasmosis, while lymph node smears were done to examine for East Coast fever. Samples of Ambylyomma SPP(ticks) were collected to analyze the present of cowdriosis. Out of the 1040 cattle examined as previously described, 28 (2.7%) were found to be positive for trypanosomiasis, 64 (6.15%) had east coast fever, 25 (2.4%) had babesiosis and 30 (2.9%) had anaplasmosis. Tamuleka had the highest number of trypanosomiasis cases (7), followed by Machakha (5) and Chebukuyi (4) and West Siboti (4). It was found in this study that 60.7% of all the trypanosomiasis case were caused by Trypanosome Congolense, and 39.3% by T. vivax. A total of 23 tsetse flies were got in this exercise from 54 traps laid out across in the study area. Tamuleka had the highest number of flies trapped (7), followed by Machakha (6) and Chebukuyi (4) over the 48 hour trapping period. Most of the flies got were G. pailidipes. The low fly numbers reported in this study could be due to high level trapping and baiting that was already going on in the area. There was uniform infection of all cattle in all areas with worms. About 30 — 50 animals in each sub-location were sampled for worm egg counts. Emphasis was given to young stock and those in poor condition. In general, this study reports an average worm egg count of 306.1 eggs per gramme of faeces for all areas and studied. Male calves had the highest EPG of 522, followed by female calves (448), female growers (303.8), male growers (257), female adults (252.2) and male adults (228.5) It was observed during this survey that there is a very high tick infestation in all the animals studied. This coupled with the tsetse fly situation calls for a combined tick and tsetse fly control program. It is also noted that provision of veterinary services in the area is a major constraint to farmers, which needs to be addressed. http://repository.au-ibar.org/handle/123456789/328 http://repository.au-ibar.org/handle/123456789/309 Manual on the preparation of national animal disease emergency preparedness plans..PDF African Union Inter-African Bureau for Animal Resources; AU-IBAR Animal disease emergencies: their nature and potential consequences Animal disease emergencies may occur when there are unexpected outbreaks of epidemic diseases or other animal health related events which have the potential to cause serious socio-economic consequences for a couniry. These emergencies are frequently caused by outbreaks of transboundary animal diseases (TADs), which are of significant economic, trade and/or food security importance for many countries. Such diseases can spread easily and reach epidemic proportions; control/management, including exclusion, requires cooperation among several countries. The occurrence of one of these diseases may have disastrous consequences for a country when they: • compromise food security through serious loss of animal protein and/or loss of draught animal power for cropping; • cause major production losses for livestock products such as meat, milk and other dairy products, wool and other fibres, and skins and hides; • cause losses of valuable livestock of high genetic potential. They may also restrict opportunities for upgrading the production potential of local livestock industries by making it difficult to import exotic high-producing breeds that are extremely susceptible to TADs; • add significantly to the cost of livestock production since costly disease control measures need to be applied; • seriously disrupt or inhibit trade in livestock, gerrnplasm, and livestock products, either within a country or internationally. Their occurrence may thus cause major losses in national export income in significant livestockproducing countries; • inhibit sustained investment in livestock production, thus trapping livestock producers in uneconomic, peasant-type agriculture; • cause public health consequences where diseases can be transmitted to humans (i.e. zoonoses); • cause environmental consequences when wildlife populations die out; and • cause unnecessary pain and suffering to many animals. The International Office of Epizootics (OIE) recognizes 15 List A diseases, most of which could also be regarded as being TADs. These are foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), rinderpest, peste des petits ruminants (PPR), contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), Rift Valley fever (RVF), lumpy skin disease, vesicular stomatitis, swine vesicular disease, bluetongue, sheep and goat pox, African horsesickness, African swine fever, hog cholera (classical swine fever), fowl plague and Newcastle disease. Examples of the serious consequences that these and other diseases have had internationally are shown in the Box. However, this list is not exclusive. Other viral, bacterial, rickettsial and mycoplasmal diseases may also be regarded as having the potential to cause animal disease emergencies under some circumstances. Indeed they may not necessarily be infectious diseases. For example, animal pests such as the New World and Old World screwworin flies may fit into this category. Most people tend to equate emergency animal diseases with exotic or foreign animal diseases, although this is not necessarily so. Unusual outbreaks of endemic diseases may also cause an emergency when there is, for instance, the appearance of a new antigenic type such as a significantly different FMD virus subtype in an endemic country or when there is a significant change in the epidemiological pattern of the disease such as an unusually severe outbreak of anthrax. The emergence of previously unknown diseases may also cause an emergency, as in the case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in the United Kingdom in 1986, equine paramyxovirus disease (Hendra virus) in Australia in 1994 and Nipah virus disease of pigs and humans in peninsular Malaysia in 1999. There are other animal health emergencies that may be caused by non-disease events, for example a major chemical residue problem in livestock or a food safety problem such as haemorrhagic uraemic syndrome in humans caused by verotoxic strains of E. coli contaminating animal products. While this manual will focus on the major transboundary animal diseases, the preparedness planning principles discussed can and should be applied equally to all types of disease and non-disease animal health emergencies described. http://repository.au-ibar.org/handle/123456789/309 http://repository.au-ibar.org/handle/123456789/286 An Assessment tie economic Viability of Private Animal Health Service Delivery in Pastoral Areas of-Kenya--.pdf African Union Inter-African Bureau for Animal Resources; AU-IBAR Livestock keeping is an essential component of the economic well-being of people in sub-Saharan Africa. It provides food, manure, traction, hides and skins, wool and economic security and also contributes to the cultural and social standing of the livestock owners. Researchers have said the following on the subject: - In most of the sub-Saharan Africa, induding Kenya, the public sector has been the major or exclusive provider of veterinary services until the last quarter of the 1980s. Direct state involvement was then justified not on economic ground but on grounds of social equity and the fact that the private sector was still very weak in these countries (Holden et al, 1996; Ross, 1992; Umali et al, 1992 and Jarvis, 1998). However, the government can no longer offer these services because of budgetary constraints and fiscal deficits resulting in structural adjustment programs. As a result, the availability and quality of veterinary services has declined. This has necessitated a change of policy allowing the private sector to participate and promote the delivery of animal health services. The role of the private sector as an alternative to government veterinary service delivery is gaining recognition. The government aims to reduce the financial burden and ostensibly improve the efficiency of service delivery through the private sector. Consequently, the state hopes that owing to the economic nature of veterinary services, farmers who enjoy direct services such as artificial insemination (Al), dipping, drug delivery, among others, will pay for them. The riding factor has been the question of public good against private good. The need for improved delivery of animal health services in the ASAL has been high because: - o Kenya's ASAL accounts for 50% of cattle, 70% of shoats, and 100% of camels (Brown, 1994). o The economic base of pastoral Kenya depends on livestock and livestock products. To this end, 60% of their incomes mainly accrue from the sale of livestock and livestock products (Chenyalew and Suleiman, 1996). o The nomadic lifestyles of the pastoralists render conventional delivery of animal health services inappropriate and ineffective. o Harsh climatic conditions, poor infrastructure, weak monetary economy and risky, conflict prone environmental conditions have made the Kenyan ASAL less attractive to the private veterinarians and paraveterinarians. o Improved delivery of animal health services induding disease control is critical and mandatory to facilitate the marketing of livestock and livestock products in the ASAL. o Livestock production and productivity depends on animal health. Improved delivery of animal health services means improved livestock production and productivity. o The risk of contracting zoometric diseases such as anthrax, rabies, brucellosis and Rift Valley fever and others is relatively high in pastoral areas. Public health concerns on the issue calls for improved delivery of animal health service as a strategy to minimise the risk. Community-based animal health delivery systems are popular forms of service delivery that are effective in the ASAL and pastoral areas for nearly two decades, yet this system has not been recognised within the existing legal and policy framework. However, in the last three years, significant progress has been made in gaining broad acceptance of this system. The Kenya Veterinary Board (KVB) and the Department of Veterinary Services (DVS) have worked with relevant stakeholders to review and update livestock sector policy. The new policy now calls for partnership in service delivery involving the government, the private sector and the beneficiaries thus recognising the role of the various animal health service providers. http://repository.au-ibar.org/handle/123456789/286 http://repository.au-ibar.org/handle/123456789/233 Integrated food security programme eastern province IFSP - E. African Union Inter-African Bureau for Animal Resources; AU-IBAR The IFSP-E PRA exercise took place in July through to August and ended with a one week ZOPP Planning workshop in September. The PRA exercise served as an end to a long process of having a community based programme in Eastern Province (Mwingi and Makueni Districts) which began with a Baseline Survey on Nutrition and Health earlier in the year (May). The PRA exercise was to help give qualitative data to the quantitative results of the survey. The PRA process began with a theory training session for the partners who were to get involved in the programme in one way or another. This was followed by ten days of field work where village workshops were held. The village workshops formed the basis for the PRA exercise. These were facilitated by the team members with team leaders drawn from ACTIONAID Kenya and PREMESE. Results of the village workshops indicate that there is a high degree of food insecurity in the area and this has mainly been caused, by various factors e.g. reccurent crop failure due to drought or inadequate rain and poor or depleted soils. The historical profiles show these recurrences and the trends too 'strengthen this fact. The area has several institutions working there, both local and external. However, these institutions do not seem to have a positive impact on the lives of the people otherwise their standard of living would have improved. The approaches they are using for development do not seem to,be appropriate for empowerment. Most of them have created dependency in the people. The local institutions however keep the people together as they try to solve their own problems. The Gender framework of analysis shows that women are overburdened by reproductive work while men are the stakeholders in productive work. However the men are involved in the community activities by proxy through their wives. It would be important to note that the men should be involved in the decision making process for the community based activities. The seasonalities have shown that. .01ere is a relatively high level of diseases in the communities especially during the rainy season, a time when people need to work in their farms and, yet they are also compounded with food shortages. Animal diseases seem to be prevalent too and this makes livestock production and management difficult due to inadequate 'resources - money, knowledge and resources People in the areas visited work very hard in their farm• yet the output of their labour is not commensurate to their income. This is attributed to the fact that crops are sold immediately after harvest. Reasons given for this were need for money and also to get rid of the grains due to high pest food destruction. This suggests that there is a problem with post-harvest handling and storage. Most village groups suggested that they should begin community food stores /to counter the problem of post-harvest sale which causes food defficiency. It was found that almost all the people in the area live below the poverty datum line. Very few can be said to be self sufficient in food. Even those who are said to be self sufficient are still affected by the other problems e.g. inadequate water for domestic and livestock use, diseases and general lack of social amenities. Farming practices in most of these areas are still traditional. The people still practice shift cultivation - they move to new farms after every three seasons and this has affected the environment adversely. Most of them, though they have domestic animals, do not use manure in their farms and this has affected yields. Shifting has also contributed to deforestation and a general lack of fruit trees since these need constant care. Education in better farming methods is imperative. Poor health status of the people seems to be a problem due to inadequate health facilities in the area. Few or no such facilities exist and where they do (Miyukoni), they have no drugs. Thus peoples health status is poor. This could also be attributed to poor nutrition and lack of access to food and the use of it, hence the need for pre-nutrition education is felt. Water problem seemed to be a key problem in all the four villages visited. This is due to lack of big enough dams which could retain the water during dry spells. Various modes of providing water were discussed and each community came up 'with its priority mode. It is important to follow up what the communities suggested in 'the CAPs to help solve their problems each according to their priorities, needs and capacity with assistance from IFSP-E and other partners in the region. As IFSP-E continues with the work the communities need serious awareness raising programmes and training for empowerment. These trainings would be for group leaders in animation, mobilization and leadership skills as well as' conflict management in groups. This would help build the internal capacity of the communities for sustainability. http://repository.au-ibar.org/handle/123456789/233 http://repository.au-ibar.org/handle/123456789/148 REPORT OF A PASTORALIST AND HUNTER GATHERERS PREPARATORY WORKSHOP ON POLICIES AFFECTING THEIR WELL.pdf In September 2001, PINGOs Forum submitted a proposal to Oxfam Tanzania and ILO to support the Pastoralists and Hunter-gatherers workshop on different policies and issues that are seen to have been affecting them. Since then, discussions have been taking place to further investigate various alternatives to make the plan successful. During the dialogue between PINGOs delegation, ILO and Oxfam it was recognised that the process should involve two stages. The first stage would be a preparatory session in a form of workshop as a strategic approach for building up clarity and consensus among the key actors, on what the key issues are and agree on who should be invited. The second stage would then be the main workshop bringing together the main stakeholders from Government Ministries, Pastoralist and Hunter-Gatherer CBOs and Fora, development partners and donors. It is expected that pastoralists, Hunter-Gatherers to use the opportunity offered by this process as a first step to open a discussion for redressing policy issues that directly or indirectly hinder the development and livelihoods of these indigenous communities. Both OXFAM GB (Tanzania) and the ILO agreed to fund PINGOs to go ahead with this process. The preparatory workshop was planned to involve a small group of Pastoralists and Hunter-Gatherers activists. They will work on developing a shared understanding on the key issues and concerns as regards to such existing policies. Participants were also expected to determine strategies for the next workshop. From the 21s` to 22ndof November 2001 the preparatory workshop was conducted at the Golden Rose Hotel in Arusha. The workshop was attended by a total of 29 participants coming from Pastoralists, Hunters-Gatherers, CBOs and Fora. The workshop also had a strong representation from OXFAM, which had co-funded this workshop. The workshop was chaired by Mr Israel Karyongi who is the Chairperson of the Tanzania Pastoralist and Hunter-Gatherer Organisation (TPHGO). The workshop had two main facilitators namely; Saruni Ndelelya who is the Chairperson of PINGOs Forum, and Loserian Sangale who is the interim secretary of TPHGO. Resource persons for the various sessions were mainly drawn from the various CBOs of Pastoralists and HunterGatherers of Tanzania. http://repository.au-ibar.org/handle/123456789/148 http://repository.au-ibar.org/handle/123456789/142 Pro poor livestock policy initiative workshop, 6th to 7th, october 2003, imperial hotel, addis ababa, ethiopia. Pro poor livestock policy initiative is a FAO initiated project which will strive within a time of six years, to facilitate and support the formulation and implementation of policies and institutional changes that have a positive impact on the livelihoods of a large number of the world's poor. In view of the critical role played by livestock in supporting and sustaining their livelihoods, the initiative said to have a distinct focus on livestock. The basic rational of the initiative as put in the document, derives from the realization that technology oriented projects in the livestock and related sectors have failed to deliver significant improvements in the livelihoods of the poor, and that an enabling institutional and policy environment is indispensable for enhancing the impact and sustainability of pro poor interventions. Objective The objective of the project is a strengthened capacity in FAO member nations and international organizations to formulate livestock sector and related policies and implementation plans that reduce poverty, whilst managing environmental and public health risks. Outputs and activities The principal outputs the project aims to achieve are: 1. Portfolio of livestock related interventions for reducing poverty through policy and institutional change 2. Increased awareness and consideration of the potential contribution of livestock and the livestock sector to poverty reduction 3. Effective systems for livestock policy information, analysis, decisionsupport as well as for monitoring and evaluation 4. Mechanisms For stake holder representation in the negotiation of policies and institutional changes that better support poor peoples livestockdependent livelihoods. To materialize five geographical regions are selected as pilot areas for the first phase of the regional components of the project; among which the east African hub that comprises of Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. http://repository.au-ibar.org/handle/123456789/142 http://repository.au-ibar.org/handle/123456789/107 SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE PROGRAMME INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT.pdf African Union Inter-African Bureau for Animal Resources; AU-IBAR Established in 1971, the International Institute for Environment and Development (TIED) is a policy research institute linking environmental concerns with the developments needs of resource-poor people in the South and with other global environment and development priorities. The Institute's Sustainable Agriculture Programme promotes and supports the development of socially and environmentally aware agriculture through research, training, advocacy, networking and information dissemination. Emphasising close collaboration and consultation with a wide array of institutions in the South, research projects are aimed at identifying the constraints and potentials of the livelihood strategies of those in the Third World who are affected by ecological, economic and social change. THE RRA NOTES SERIES The principal aim of this series is to enable practitioners of RRA and PRA throughout the world to share their field experiences and methodological innovations. Articles are published on any topic related to Rapid Rural Appraisal, and topics are diverse, detailing field and training experiences with the rapidly evolving methods of Participatory Rural Appraisal. The terms PRA and RRA encompass a wide range of approaches with strong conceptual and methodological similarities. These include Participatory Learning Methods (PALM), Agroecosystem Analysis (AEA), Farming Systems Research, Rapid Assessment Procedures (RAP), Participatory Action Research (PAR), Rapid Rural Systems Analysis (RRSA), Methode Acceleree de Recherche Participative (MARP) and many others. The series is to be kept informal. This is intentional, so as to avoid the commonly encountered delays between practice and the sharing of knowledge through publication. We would therefore like to hear of recent experiences and current thinking. In particular, we are seeking short and honest accounts of experiences in the field or workshops; what worked and what did not; dilemmas and successes. They should be legible with clear drawings. In addition, please send details of any training manuals, papers, reports or articles which will be listed. (For more detailed information please see 'Guidelines for Authors' at the end of this issue). The RRA Notes series is currently funded by the SWEDISH INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY and the FORD FOUNDATION. This special issue has been supported by additional funding from the INTERMEDIATE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT GROUP, OXFAM (UK) and VETAID. Current issues are distributed free of charge to 2500 individuals and institutions in 100 countries. Backcopies are also made available, but in view of the demand for an ever lengthening list of these, it is now necessary to recoup administrative and reprinting costs by charging for backcopies. (See Contents of RRA Notes Backcopies and the Order Form at the end of this issue for further details). http://repository.au-ibar.org/handle/123456789/107 http://repository.au-ibar.org/handle/123456789/98 GUIDELINES FOR THE EVALUATION OF VETERINARY.pdf African Union Inter-African Bureau for Animal Resources; AU-IBAR Evaluation of Veterinary Services is an important element in the risk analysis process which countries may legitimately use in their policy formulations directly applying to animal health and sanitary controls of international trade in animals, animal-derived products, animal genetic material and animal feedstuffs. Any evaluation should be carried out with due regard for Chapter 1.3.3. of the International Animal Health Code. In order to ensure that objectivity is maximised in the evaluation process, it is essential for some standards of discipline to be applied. The OIE has developed guidelines which can be practically applied to the evaluation of Veterinary Services. These are relevant for evaluation of the Veterinary Services of one country by those of another country for the purposes of risk analysis in international trade. The guidelines are also applicable for evaluation by a country of its own Veterinary Services — the process known as self-evaluation or self-assessment— and for periodic re-evaluation. This document is intended to cover all of these purposes. In carrying out a risk analysis prior to deciding the sanitary/zoosanitary conditions for the importation of a commodity, an importing country is justified in regarding its evaluation of the Veterinary Services of the exporting country as critical. http://repository.au-ibar.org/handle/123456789/98 http://repository.au-ibar.org/handle/123456789/89 Proposal for undertaking an assessment of the economic viability of private animal health service delivery in pastoral areas of Kenya.pdf African Union Inter-African Bureau for Animal Resources; AU-IBAR Acacia Consultants Ltd. has the pleasure of submitting this proposal for consideration by CAPE for the assessment of the economic viability of private animal health service delivery in pastoral areas of Kenya. One of Acacia's strengths is in its considerable experience and work in pastoral and agro-pastoral areas in the Greater Horn of Africa region and in community-based animal health care delivery systems in particular. As early as the mid-80s, consultants now working for Acacia, were already involved in decentralized animal health service provision in Turkana district, under the EU-funded Turkana Rehabilitation Project. At the time, community-based animal health workers were called bare-foot veterinarians or "Paravets". Much more recently i.e. in the mid-90s until now, Acacia Consultants have been involved in establishing community-based animal health systems based on different models as proposed by community members and other stakeholders. Acacia has also undertaken evaluations on animal health projects funded by DFID in Kenya and others funded by other agencies in Angola, Sudan and Somalia. Where Acacia was involved in supporting implementation of projects in the five northern districts of Kenya, (covered by the Acacia-DPIRP programme), results have been mixed because of various reasons. These reasons include: lack of economic feasibility studies and analysis, differences in models and approaches, differences in cultural and community-related factors, external factors such as insecurity and drought, poor NGO involvement in Animal Health resulting in the undermining of private sector initiatives, legislation problems, lack of support from local government-led veterinary offices. One of the greatest lessons learnt from these interventions has been that of the need to assess the economic viability of the different models and approaches currently being applied in the implementation of decentralized animal health services. http://repository.au-ibar.org/handle/123456789/89