[PARC] Documents & Reportshttp://repository.au-ibar.org/handle/123456789/3862024-03-29T02:29:13Z2024-03-29T02:29:13ZFight Against Lineage 1 Rinderpest Virus Project in Southern Sudan.African Union Inter-African Bureau for Animal ResourcesAU-IBARhttp://repository.au-ibar.org/handle/123456789/3772021-09-27T20:43:40ZFight Against Lineage 1 Rinderpest Virus Project in Southern Sudan.
African Union Inter-African Bureau for Animal Resources; AU-IBAR
During year one the project has focussed on introducing the strategy for the eradication of
rinderpest from Sudan to all stakeholders, ensuring that mass rinderpest vaccination stopped
in line with the strategy, improving outbreak reporting and investigation systems, introducing
community-based surveillance systems, and developing emergency preparedness systems in
case of a rinderpest outbreak. Training has been provided for CAHWs, supervisors and field
veterinarians, and community dialogue has been carried out and communication materials
disseminated. The project has supported regional co-ordination meetings and facilitated
sessions on rinderpest eradication, and organized a review and planning meetings for project
co-ordinators and counterparts in Nairobi. Rinderpest outbreak rumours have been followed
up and there have been no confirmed cases of rinderpest so far in 2002. Some planned
activities were not carried out so they have been rescheduled to be carried out in year two e.g.
wildlife surveillance.
During the year, there has been an increase in the areas under rebel-control, when some key
towns in eastern Equatoria were taken over by the SPLA. This has expanded the area that
needs to be covered by the project. In addition there are areas outside the southern region of
Sudan that are not under government control and therefore it will be difficult for the
government to carry out surveillance and verify absence of rinderpest in these areas e.g.
SPLA areas of Nuba mountains and Southern Blue Nile and parts of north-eastern Sudan
under NDA control. The project proposes to make linkages with agencies working in these
areas to ensure their participation in rinderpest eradication, develop systems for outbreak
reporting and investigation, and carry out surveillance visits to the areas.
As a result of the expansion of rinderpest eradication activities, the project plans to utilise
some of the funds that were unspent during year one to employ an additional field
veterinarian with the necessary support to assist in covering the additional areas.
The focus for year two is to continue to develop and refine the systems for outbreak reporting
and investigation, surveillance and emergency preparedness, to ensure that if rinderpest virus
is still present that it is identified and action taken, and, if it is no longer present, to start to
build up evidence that Sudan is free of rinderpest.
Proposal for continuation of VSF-Belgium Fight Against Lineage One Rinderpest Virus Project for Southern Sudan, March to October 2004.African Union Inter-African Bureau for Animal ResourcesAU-IBARhttp://repository.au-ibar.org/handle/123456789/3692021-09-27T20:43:31ZProposal for continuation of VSF-Belgium Fight Against Lineage One Rinderpest Virus Project for Southern Sudan, March to October 2004.
African Union Inter-African Bureau for Animal Resources; AU-IBAR
The last foci of lineage 1 rinderpest virus in Africa is believed to lie in the southern region of
Sudan. The cattle populations in the border areas of southern Sudan move across international
borders for pasture and trade. Identification and elimination of any remaining endemic areas
in southern Sudan is therefore crucial for rinderpest eradication from the east and central
Africa regions. Much progress has been made towards this during 2002-3 in the first two
years of the Fight Against Lineage 1 Rinderpest Virus Project This project aims to
concentrate surveillance activities in the higher risk areas of southern Sudan in order to
identify and eliminate the remaining foci and contribute to the final eradication of lineage one
rinderpest virus from Africa.
Southern Sudan has a long history of underdevelopment and conflict. Since independence
was granted to Sudan in 1956 there has been civil war between south and north, apart from a
period of peace between 1972 and 1983. Millions of people, mainly civilians, have been
killed, displaced or are refugees. Southern Sudan is controlled partly by the Government and
partly by rebel groups. The prolonged conflict has created what is described as a chronic,
complex emergency; development has been prevented, infrastructure has been destroyed,
trade and transport routes have been disrupted, schools and health services are almost nonexistent, and administrative structures are minimal and have few resources. The effects of a
series of droughts and floods have been exacerbated by the conflict, causing periodic
famines. Internationally mediated peace talks are currently proving successful and there is
great hope that a peace agreement will be signed in early 2004.
Operation Lifeline Sudan (OLS) is a consortium of United Nations (UN) agencies and nongovernmental organisations (NGOs) that is providing humanitarian assistance to the waraffected communities of southern Sudan. OLS activities include assistance for food relief,
water, human health, education, fisheries, crop production, animal health and others. OLS
southern sector (OLS-SS) operates in the areas of southern Sudan that are controlled by rebel
groups, and gains access to these areas via Kenya and Uganda. The largest rebel group of
southern Sudan is the Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM), which forms the de
facto government in the areas under its control. Other smaller rebel groups control parts of
Upper Nile and Jonglei regions. The relief sections of these movements, SRRC (Sudan Relief
and Rehabilitation Commission), and FRRA (Fashoda Relief and Rehabilitation Association)
are the counterparts of the southern sector livestock programme.
OLS northern sector (OLS-NS) works in the areas of southern Sudan that are under the
control of the Government. The Government, specifically the Department of Animal Health.
and Epizootic Disease Control (AHEADC), which includes PACE Sudan, is the counterpart
of the northern sector livestock programme.
Consultancy to assist in the development of a rinderpest eradication strategy in the West and East Nile ecosystems.African Union Inter-African Bureau for Animal ResourcesAU-IBARhttp://repository.au-ibar.org/handle/123456789/3562021-09-27T20:43:43ZConsultancy to assist in the development of a rinderpest eradication strategy in the West and East Nile ecosystems.
African Union Inter-African Bureau for Animal Resources; AU-IBAR
Throughout most of the life of the OLS Livestock Programme, conventional wisdom held
that rinderpest eradication from southern Sudan was not possible without peace. It was
not until 1998, that the extent of the impact of the OLS Livestock Programme and the
true potential of community-based vaccination using heat-stable vaccine was widely
appreciated. As a result, the eradication of rinderpest from southern Sudan has not been a
stated objective until relatively recently.
There is now an emerging consensus among non-governmental organizations,
international agencies and the cattle owners of southern Sudan that the OLS Livestock
Programme has been highly successful in controlling rinderpest in the south Sudan. There
is also a realisation that the time for institutionalised vaccination has now passed.
Eradication, although not certain under the prevailing security conditions, is a realistic
aspiration.
The eradication phase of the programme should be implemented in a consultative manner
to insure that organisations and communities involved continue to share in the ownership
of the undertaking. Ownership of the eradication strategy by all partners is essential to its
success. Dialogue is required between the stakeholders to design and adopt a disease
surveillance strategy and identify time-bound vaccination targets.
Information from livestock owners and organisations on the ground suggest that the
cessation of vaccination and intensification of surveillance in areas West of the Nile is an
appropriate and prudent next step. The situation East of the Nile is less clear. Historically,
this area has not benefited from the same levels of activity as the West and communitybased infrastructure is much less developed. This has primarily resulted from problems of
intermittent access and a consequent decision to focus resources West of the Nile as part
of a phased programme.
At the present time, the Sobat Basin is difficult to access for either vaccination or
surveillance. At the time of writing, OLS has indefinitely suspended all NGO activities in
large areas of the Sobat Basin.
Further to the south, the largest communities in the region, the Murle and Toposa, have
only recently been accessed to any significant degree. A shortage of information is not
equivalent to the absence of disease. Building disease surveillance capacity, and
conducting participatory disease searches should be the main priorities. Time-bound
vaccination should continue within the Murle and surrounding communities, when and
where it can be properly applied. In this manner, at the end of the 2001-02 dry season,
sufficient data will be in hand to support an informed decision regarding the cessation of
vaccination East of the Nile.
Rinderpest Eradication Strategy Workshop for Southern Sudan 1st 2nd August 2001 Nairobi..PDFAfrican Union Inter-African Bureau for Animal ResourcesAU-IBARhttp://repository.au-ibar.org/handle/123456789/3182023-03-14T19:18:39ZRinderpest Eradication Strategy Workshop for Southern Sudan 1st 2nd August 2001 Nairobi..PDF
African Union Inter-African Bureau for Animal Resources; AU-IBAR
The Rinderpest Eradication Strategy Workshop for Southern Sudan 1-2ndAugust 2001 was organised
by VSF-Belgium for the Operation Lifeline Sudan (OLS) Southern Sector Livestock Programme
under the co-ordination of the Pan African Programme for the Control of Epizootics (PACE), OAUIBAR, and funded by the Community-based Animal Health and Participatory Epidemiology Unit
(CAPE) of PACE.
The aim of the workshop was to present the new strategy for the last stage of rinderpest eradication
from Sudan to the organisations involved in livestock activities in OLS Southern Sector. Participants
included representatives from OAU-IBAR PACE Programme, FAO-OLS, NGOs and counterparts
from both southern and northern sectors.
Presentations were made on the global status of rinderpest and strategy for eradication, the current
rinderpest status of Sudan, the new rinderpest eradication strategy for Sudan, rinderpest surveillance,
vaccination policy, emergency response, and raising awareness of the new strategy. The participants
identified the roles and responsibilities of stakeholders in the new strategy and developed one-year
action plans for its implementation.
The strategy can be summarized as follows: Sudan is divided into three epidemiological zones; the
provisionally free zone, the surveillance zone, and the infected zone. These zones will become
effective from 1/1/02. Activities to be carried out in the infected zone are; targeted vaccination
campaigns in selected communities to be completed by 30/6/02, all other mass vaccination activities
to be completed by 31/12/01, intensive active and purposive surveillance, and the control of any
confirmed rinderpest outbreaks. Activities to be carried out in the surveillance zone are; all mass
vaccination to have ceased by 31/12/01, intensive active and purposive surveillance, and the control
of any confirmed rinderpest outbreaks. Activities in the provisionally free zone are; all mass
vaccination to have ceased by 31/12/01, routine surveillance, and the control of any confirmed
rinderpest outbreaks.
The participants raised some concerns in relation to the implementation of this strategy that included;
availability of funding to implement, adequate laboratory support for surveillance, short timeframe to
introduce the strategy, emergency response capacity, access and security to implement fully, and the
role and remuneration of community-based animal health workers.
The main action points arising out of the workshop were to:
• Prepare a document describing the strategy — PACE
• Present the strategy document to counterparts for their endorsement and distribution to field level
counterparts to promote their participation — PACE/FAO-OLSNSF-B
• Distribute the strategy document to NGOs to support project proposals and inform donors — FAOOLS/VSF-B
• Preparation of communication materials and carry out community dialogue on new strategy —
NG0s/counterpartsNSF-B
• CAHW training in new strategy — NGOs/counterparts with VSF-B support
• Training of AHAs, SPs, field vets in new strategy — NGOs with VSF-B support
• Complete mass vaccination by end 2001 and return balance of vaccine — CAHWs, AHAs, SPs
• Surveillance — CAHWs, AHAs, SPs, field vets
• Cold chain maintenance — NGOs
• Planning for emergency response — NGOs/VSF-B/FAO-OLS with PACE support
• Livestock Co-ordination Meeting 15-19thOctober Lokichokio — introduce new strategy, review
progress — VSF-B, PACE
• Infected zone strategy meeting 20-21' October Lokichokio -- all agencies and counterparts active
in zone + VSF-B, FAO-OLS and PACE
• Proposal writing — NGOs
• Preparation and distribution of workshop minutes — VSF-B
• Targeted vaccination; Pibor, Kapoeta, Riwoto, Lafon — northern sector, Nyangatom — FAO-OLS,
Toposa — DOT, Bor Dinka and Murle — ACROSS.
• Seek donor for Boma CBAHP •— FAO-OLS
Dossier on application for Rinderpest disease free status..PDFAfrican Union Inter-African Bureau for Animal ResourcesAU-IBARhttp://repository.au-ibar.org/handle/123456789/2992023-03-14T13:59:35ZDossier on application for Rinderpest disease free status..PDF
African Union Inter-African Bureau for Animal Resources; AU-IBAR
Nigeria is situated in the South Eastern part of West Africa and is bordered to the West by
Benin Republic, North by Niger Republic, East by Cameroon, North East by Chad Republic
and to the South by the Atlantic Ocean. Traffic of Cattle into the country is mostly by land
through our borders with the neighboring countries with a negligible percentage of
importation by Air and Sea routes.
Because of the potential for spread of transboundary animal diseases being faced by the
country through land borders, Nigeria has maintained contact with neighboring countries in
the area of disease surveillance and control and in other regionally coordinated activities. For
instance, the country had participated actively in previous Regional joint programmes such as
the JP 15, JP 28 and PARC. Nigeria is an active participant in the current effort to eradicate
Rinderpest from the region under the PACE project. The country is also steadily being
integrated into the regional network for the monitoring and control of livestock diseases in
general.
Regional Meeting on the Evaluation and Coordination of the Pan-African Campaign against Rinderpest and Contagious Bovine PleuropneumoniaAfrican Union Inter-African Bureau for Animal ResourcesAU-IBARhttp://repository.au-ibar.org/handle/123456789/1622021-09-27T20:43:15Z1992-01-01T00:00:00ZRegional Meeting on the Evaluation and Coordination of the Pan-African Campaign against Rinderpest and Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia
African Union Inter-African Bureau for Animal Resources; AU-IBAR
The 7th Regional Meeting on the Evaluation and the Coordination of the Pan-African Campaign against Rinderpest and Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia was held from November 30th to December 4th, 1992, at the headquarters of O.N.A.C. The meeting was organised by the West and Central African Regional Coordination of the OAU Pan-African Rinderpest Campaign Project -PARC/OAU/IBAR.
Ouagadougou from November 30th to December 4th, 1992
1992-01-01T00:00:00ZTRANSMISSION AND VIRULENCE OF RINDEPEST VIRUS.pdfhttp://repository.au-ibar.org/handle/123456789/1442021-03-09T08:30:34ZTRANSMISSION AND VIRULENCE OF RINDEPEST VIRUS.pdf
The project entitled 'Transmission and virulence of rinderpest virus' has been approved and
financed by the European Economic Community, General Direction XII (EEC-GD XII — STD2).
It comprises a total of four laboratories:
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Great Britain;
- Laboratoire de virologie et d'immunologie, [Virology and immunology laboratory] of the
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the Universite de Liege, Belgium;
- Institut d'elevage et de medecine veterinaire (IEMVT), [Livestock and Veterinary Medicine
Institute], Maison-Alfort, France;
- Laboratoire de recherches veterinaires et zootechniques de Farcha, [Laboratory for veterinary
and Zootechnical Research of Farcha], N'Djamena, Tchad.
The purpose of this project is to study some rinderpest's viral strains of different pathogenecity,
which will firstly give us the opportunity to understand the basics ofpoSe variations, to assess if
this phenomenon can be associated to the virus's persistence and, finally, to bring to the fore
factors, badly understood until then, which influence the virus's pathogenecity. Secondly, the
following aspects of those strains will be studied:
- genes sequences of their F and H proteins;
- incubation period;
- duration of the virus's excretion in case of an infection;
- minimum time required for an infecting contact;
- number of animals infected, over a given period of time, by an animal excreting the virus.
The results obtained in the course of those experiments will lead to the development of a
mathematical model of rinderpest infection.
Rinderpest constitutes a disease which is acute, febrile, inoculable, very contagious and mainly
transmissible through direct contact. It affects almost all species belonging to the Artiodactyles
family among which ruminants and swines are the most sensitive (PLOWRIGHT, 1968). With
rabies, it is the longest known affection and perhaps the most deadly for cattle. It is still affecting (ikAfrica, India and the Near East (PLOWRIGHT, 1985). The disease is known since the fifth
century, but it is in 1902 that NICOLE and BEY demonstrated the filterability of the virus.
As a result of a virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family, of the morbillivirus type, this
disease is characterised by a more or less apparent typhic condition, an inflammation of mucous
membranes, that of the digestive tractus in particular, with erosion and necrosis.
Although there is only one antigenic type of rinderpest virus, whatever its geographic origin,
many isolated strains fundamentally differ over the world because of its level of virulence. As a
result, they were coarsely divided into three categories (TAYLOR, 1986). The first category
comprises those called hypervirulent which cause 100% mortality in animals. Strains of the
second category have an average virulence resulting in a mortality rate of 33%. The third one
encompasses hypovirulent strains leading to a mortality rate from 0 to 5% which result however
in abortive forms, with truncated clinical expression.
The duration of the incubation period, the infection and the mortality noticeably vary according
to the virus's virulence, the receptivity or the natural resistance of animals, the intensity of
contacts, the number of viral units excreted by an animal and finally, to a lesser extent, to the
environment in which contact is made. Indeed, those factors play a crucial role in the
transmission speed of the virus from one animal to another and, consequently, influence the
spread of the disease in a given population.
The existence of atypical forms, indeed asymptomatic (subclinical) makes the possible
dissemination of the virus in herds even more dreadful and, by way of consequence, renders the
clinical diagnosis almost impossible. This complicates even more the epidemiological study of
the disease (PROVOST et al., 1973).
Several in vivo experiments in relation to the pathogenic power of isolated strains were
undertaken (COOPER, 1932; PROVOST, 1958; ROBSON et al., 1959; PLOVVRIGHT, 1963,
1964; LIESS et al., 1964; PROVOST, 1972; TAYLOR et al., 1965, 1986). But those results are
fragmentary and only provide information on the isolated virus.
To date, there is no information in literature about the compared study of rinderpest virus/
strains of different pathogenecity in the transmission through close contact over variable periods
of time.
The part played by the laboratory of Farcha in this project is to achieve a compared study of three
rinderpest virus strains of variable virulence in sensitive animals in order to address the
abovementioned problems. Samplings and data are collected with a view to forward them to
European laboratories which are partners involved in the said project.
PROPOSED STRATEGIES FOR PROGRAMME IMPLEMENTAION BETWEEN 1998 AND 2008.pdfAfrican Union Inter-African Bureau for Animal ResourcesAU-IBARhttp://repository.au-ibar.org/handle/123456789/882021-09-27T20:43:22ZPROPOSED STRATEGIES FOR PROGRAMME IMPLEMENTAION BETWEEN 1998 AND 2008.pdf
African Union Inter-African Bureau for Animal Resources; AU-IBAR
PROPOSED STRATEGIES FOR PROGRAMME IMPLEMENTAION BETWEEN 1998 AND 2008.pdf
Pre-appraisal mission of the panafrican rinderpest campaign.pdfAfrican Union Inter-African Bureau for Animal ResourcesAU-IBARhttp://repository.au-ibar.org/handle/123456789/862023-03-14T16:39:46ZPre-appraisal mission of the panafrican rinderpest campaign.pdf
African Union Inter-African Bureau for Animal Resources; AU-IBAR
Rinderpest is a contagious viral disease of large ruminants, both domestic and wild, which
is frequently fatal. No curative treatment exists but prophylaxis based on vaccination and
quarantine allows it to be controlled and then eradicated.
A campaign of vaccination before 1976 considerably reduced its incidence in Africa.
However, the disease remained endemic in.East Africa and showed epizootic resurgences in
West Africa at the end of the 1970s. The idea of eradicating the disease by a co-ordinated
pan-African campaign was born at the beginning of the 1980s.
The PARC programme was conceived with this specific objective as well as the
improvement of the services provided to the livestock farmers and the pan-African coordination of animal healthcare. Since 1986 it has been financed by the European Union
(EU) and consists of two parts : the first part is support to the co-ordination by the
Organisation of African Unity (OAU) through its specialist organisation, IBAR ; the second
part is a group of national components which have been negotiated on a case by case basis
with the different countries.
The Co-ordination Unit (CU) is based at Nairobi at the headquarters of IBAR. It is
responsible for the co-ordination of the group of components and for tasks of common
interest whose need has been identified either in the course of operations or by the only global
evaluation of the programme to date, in 1990.
In total 35 countries have been involved during the different phases of the programme and
13 national components are still running. Beside the organisation of mass vaccination
programmes and the means which are linked to it, the programme is clearly conceived as a
tool for policy reform, seeking to have implemented by the various Governments measures
which will ensure a better financial foundation for the services provided to livestock farmers.
To prepare and follow up these national components the CU systematically practices a
dialogue approach with the countries, based on their previous political commitment
obtained within the framework of the OAU and complemented by sub-regional annual
information sharing meetings.